Applying Durkheims concept of anomie to social security policy in contemporary Australia Essay Example

Applying Durkheims concept of anomie to social security policy in contemporary Australia Essay Social, political and economic theories are only valuable if they find application in practical government policies. The period spanning the last two centuries has seen the emergence of many competing theoretical explanations for the nature and organization of civil society over the course of recorded history. These theories cover such fields of enquiry as sociology, psychology, political science and economics. The dialectic of the recent two centuries has been between the theory and practice of ‘capitalism’ and its opposing ideology ‘communism’. And each country’s social policies fit within either of these two economic systems. As it stands now, many democratic governments across the world (including here in Australia) have embraced one or the other variant of capitalism. But purely in terms of theoretical principles, it is socialism that offers broad scope for devising and implementing social security policies for citizens. More importantly, in the context of this essay, it is Marxism and Socialism that address directly issues such as public welfare. Since Marxism puts the collective good ahead of individual interests, robust social security policies are to be found within this analytic framework. (Arato Gebhardt, 1978) Moreover, when one looks at the performance of social security measures in Australia, some major failure areas become apparent. Access to basic healthcare, quality education and decent standards of living are in no way guaranteed to a majority of citizens. It is only the top 20 percent of the population (in economic terms) that can avail of these necessities without uncertainty. The rest of the population is dependent on favourable labour market situation, foreign policy environment and public welfare initiatives to make ends meet. In this context, a case is to be made for revisiting the process of the dialectic and look for fairer solutions to these persisting social problems. Marxism and its later branches, including Western Marxism, the Frankfurt School, etc, by way of providing nuanced understanding of the organization of societies also thereby offer new alternative solutions to social issues. (Craib, 1997, p.64) We will write a custom essay sample on Applying Durkheims concept of anomie to social security policy in contemporary Australia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Applying Durkheims concept of anomie to social security policy in contemporary Australia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Applying Durkheims concept of anomie to social security policy in contemporary Australia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Social problems in contemporary Australia and elsewhere are created by inequitable wealth distribution, inequity of power and political franchise, human exploitation for private profits, domination of the working classes by the elites, commoditization of culture and the alienation of humans from their work and from each other. In this context, revisiting Marxism (especially the Frankfurt School) is a healthy exercise, as it has the potential to offer up solutions for these issues. It was Marxism that first propounded the notion of class division – something that was present in all historical societies and civilizations – being at the root of most social problems. Marx was particularly vocal on what he perceived to be the domination of one social group (the working classes/slaves/peasants) by the minority group holding much power and wealth (capitalists/royalty/feudal lords). (Habermas Michnik, 1994, p.5) In contemporary Australian demography such distinctions are not stark. As a participant of the global neo-liberalisation program, Australian economy and society has undergone rapid change over the last three decades. As this rapid transformation unfolded, categorical distinctions of class are no longer straight forward. For example, many highly-skilled immigrant professionals from minority communities were able to establish their careers and integrate themselves into the Australian mainstream. To the extent that this situation has spread the wealth of the country more evenly, the task of the policy makers is alleviated. But public institutions and the policies they implement are still far from ideal, carrying several flaws from the previous eras. And Marxists’ analysis of class domination is still evident in the country. This situation makes it imperative to implement social security policies for the benefit of those groups in the demography that is disadvantaged or ide ntified as high risk. Although Australia is one of the more advanced nations in the world with democratic credentials, its domestic policies are somewhat skewed to favour the elites. With a strong tendency to fall back upon conservative principles, social cohesion in Australia is decidedly less consolidated compared to those of the United States and the United Kingdom. This is reflected in the slew of racist attacks on ethnic Indians (despite official proclamations of them as opportunistic crimes). The overwhelming majority of Caucasian Australians are yet to accept people of other ethnic, racial and cultural backgrounds as their own. This is not surprising when one considers that as recent as 1970, ‘White Australia’ was the official government motto. Marxism and its off-shoots, by way of condemning domination of all sorts, are also against institutions of domination. And bringing in such refreshing new perspectives to the policy framework, Australian society can make rapid strides towa rd greater cohesion and unity. And approaching those solutions from the Marxist perspective is likely to lead to effective and just solutions. The thoughts of Western Marxists, especially the Frankfurt Schoolers are highly relevant too, for their analysis and synthesis is far more sophisticated and insightful than what Marxists traditionally expressed. (Harrington, 2005, p.54) Coming to practical solutions for aforementioned problems, the works of Emile Durkheim becomes quite relevant, for he is a key figure in revisionist Marxist thought. He is seen as an important intellectual figure in twentieth century philosophy and some of the concepts introduced by him are relevant to policy makers. Although Durkheim agreed with many premises of traditional Marxism, he was against revolutionary tendencies therein, and instead preferred a more gradual reformist approach. Also, as against totally dismantling capitalist economic organization, Durkheim suggested a middle path, whereby socialist elements (including social security policies and citizen welfare schemes) could be incorporated within a broader capitalist framework. One of his objections to total revolution is that it would create too much chaos and instability – a situation that would undermine the implementation of any possible reforms. Extending this assessment to the Australian social security policy, the prudent way forward would be to induce welfare measures within the existing institutional arrangements and not aim for radical overhauls.

Future Years SAT Test Dates, Schedules, and Deadlines

Future Years' SAT Test Dates, Schedules, and Deadlines SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Future SAT test dates are only confirmed less than a year in advance, but we at PrepScholar have done the hard work of looking at past test date patterns to predict future SAT test dates and registration deadlines. For 2018-19, the official timetable is set in stone. But even though they're more uncertain, we can predict future years like 2020 and 2021 with decent confidence. These predictions have been updated in March 2019 to reflect the latest possible data. For historical SAT test dates, check out our posts on past SAT test dates from 2017-18, 2016-17, 2015-16, and 2014 and before. SAT Test Dates and Deadlines 2018-19 This year's test dates and registration deadlines are officially confirmed by the College Board. Test Date Registration Deadline Late Registration Deadline Aug 25, 2018 July 27, 2018 Aug 15, 2018 Oct 6, 2018 Sept 7, 2018 Sept 26, 2018 Nov 3, 2018 Oct 5, 2018 Oct 24, 2018 Dec 1, 2018 Nov 2, 2018 Nov 20, 2018 Mar 9, 2019 Feb 8, 2019 Feb 27, 2019 May 4, 2019 Apr 5, 2019 Apr 24, 2019 June 1, 2019 May 3, 2019 May 22, 2019 Warning: SAT Test Dates May ChangeSign up to Receive Free Updates // SAT Test Dates and Deadlines 2019-20 The 2019-20 test dates are listed by the College Board but still subject to change. The registration deadlines are projected by PrepScholar. Please read the notes about projection accuracy below. Test Date Registration Deadline Late Registration Deadline Aug 24, 2019 July 26, 2019 Aug 14, 2019 Oct 5, 2019 Sept 6, 2019 Sept 25, 2019 Nov 2, 2019 Oct 4, 2019 Oct 23, 2019 Dec 7, 2019 Nov 8, 2019 Nov 26, 2019 Mar 14, 2020 Feb 14, 2020 Mar 4, 2020 May 2, 2020 Apr 3, 2020 Apr 22, 2020 June 6, 2020 May 8, 2020 May 27, 2020 SAT Test Dates and Deadlines 2020-21 Like above, the 2020-21 test dates are listed by the College Board but still subject to change. All registration deadlines are projected by PrepScholar. Please refer to the notes about projection accuracy below. Test Date Registration Deadline Late Registration Deadline Aug 29, 2020 July 31, 2020 Aug 19, 2020 Oct 3, 2020 Sept 4, 2020 Sept 23, 2020 Nov 7, 2020 Oct 2, 2020 Oct 21, 2020 Dec 5, 2020 Nov 6, 2020 Nov 24, 2020 Mar 13, 2021 Feb 12, 2021 Mar 3, 2021 May 8, 2021 Apr 2, 2021 Apr 21, 2021 June 5, 2021 May 7, 2021 May 26, 2021 SAT Test Dates and Deadlines 2021-22 This 2021-22 SAT test dates are tentatively listed by the College Board but could still change. All registration deadlines are projected by PrepScholar. Look at the notes below to learn more about projection accuracy. Test Date Registration Deadline Late Registration Deadline Aug 28, 2021 July 30, 2021 Aug 18, 2021 Oct 2, 2021 Sept 3, 2021 Sept 22, 2021 Nov 6, 2021 Oct 1, 2021 Oct 20, 2021 Dec 4, 2021 Nov 5, 2021 Nov 23, 2021 Mar 12, 2022 Feb , 2022 Mar 2, 2022 May 7, 2022 Apr 1, 2022 Apr 20, 2022 June 4, 2022 May 6, 2022 May 25, 2022 How to Use These SAT Test Date Projections The vast majority of the dates above should be correct. For example, if you're taking the SAT in November 2019 and want to know whether a test date lands on your birthday or not, this calendar will tell you. At most, our projected dates might be off by a week. However, as it is with all projections, there will always be some margin of error. Feel free to plan your SAT schedule using our calendar. Within a year of your planned test date, check the College Board website for official dates. As long as you don't bet your life on it, the above SAT dates and deadlines should give you a clear idea of when future SAT tests are likely to be held. What's Next? What SAT score should you be aiming for? Learn what a good SAT score is, what a bad score is, and what an excellent SAT score is. Are you aiming for a high score on the SAT? Check out our popular step-by-step guide on how to get a perfect SAT score, written by a full scorer. Thinking about retaking the SAT? Read our guide to see whether retaking the SAT will raise your score. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Personal Essays for Medical School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Personal Essays for Medical School - Essay Example I believe that the institution has a high regard for the underprivileged and the minority, which is a very important feature I have considered in my choice of a learning institution. Apart from the recognition of cultural diversity, I seek a university which places high premium in leadership development. I have been actively engaged in both school and community work that represent a strong sense of service to others. One such stint was my stay with the American Red Cross Bloodmobile through which I have seen the value of serving indigent minorities. Another community initiative I took part in is Tutor Experts which is a venue for providing high quality tutoring for the youth who want to improve their academic performance. I have had a similar teaching stint with the Making Changes Freedom School, emphasizing more complicated facets of adolescent development such as coping up with the challenges of violence, drugs, and alcohol. One program that allowed me to showcase my leadership skills is my membership with the Chicanos in Health Education, a student-run group at UC Berkeley that focuses on minimizing health disparities that confront the Latino community. To allow me to have a realistic preview of the medical profession, I undertook a summer internship at The California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco in 2003 followed by another internship at the Sharp Chula Vista Hospital in San Diego in 2005. I have also created and facilitated a Decal (Democratic Education at Cal) class entitled â€Å"Introduction to University Life: An Immigrant Perspective.† This course addresses some of the main obstacles of the immigrant student. I have helped create the Peer Mentoring Program to give voice to the needs of Cal students from immigrant backgrounds in adjusting to Berkeley’s complex learning environment. A similar program I have spearheaded is the Community College Resources and

Advanced Financial Reporting & Regulation Assignment

Advanced Financial Reporting & Regulation - Assignment Example The present research has identified that according to the SEC, the BMS company also engaged in ‘cookie jar’ accounting. That is, it created phony reserves for disposals of unneeded plants and divisions during high-profit quarters. These would be carried to decrease the operating expenses in results of the quarters where BMS’ income or earnings figures are insufficient to meet the forecasted amounts. Required: a. Using relevant academic papers, discuss the incentives why managers would resort to extreme earnings management technique such as this. b. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of ‘stuffing the channels’ and ‘cookie jar accounting’ as earnings management devices. Earnings management is any legal activity via which the entity administers its profits earned, retained and distributed and thereafter carries out it's financial reporting, making decisions regarding the contents, details, and disclosures to be provided in the deliverable s to give a true and fair view of its operations. According to Lev, earnings play a very important role not only because they shape up the success of any business but also because they can have drastic effects if the management’s reporting of earnings get manipulated. Therefore, it is of utmost significance for all key personnel of the entity to excel at earnings management, taking into account that it doesn’t involve any manipulative measures and fraudulent practices. According to scenario given in the question, the pharmaceutical company mentioned was similarly involved in maneuvering its books of accounts by using tactics such as ‘stuffing the channels’ and ‘cookie jar’ accounting, resulting into non-compliances, being penalized for the same. The question here arises as to why would managers of this enterprise be engaged in such practices of window-dressing the company’s books of accounts though aware of its adverse consequences of n on-compliance? Following are given few incentives which may urge managers to be indulged in wrongful earnings management: Fulfilling Expectations of Capital Markets: The most common reason for a majority of the times in such instances is motivation to satisfy capital markets. Managers are mostly under extreme pressures to create value for existing and prospective shareholders and when they find no way to do so in real terms, they end up manipulating reporting of earnings thereby affecting favorably stock’s market price in the short run.

Negligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Negligence - Essay Example This paper explores the differences among negligence, gross negligence, and malpractice. In addition, the paper discusses the importance of documentation and its connection with a negligence case in which a patient’s wrong leg was amputated. Negligence, Gross Negligence, and Malpractice In general, negligence refers to the failure by a nurse to give care to a patient in a reasonable and prudent manner in the prevailing circumstances. Thus, negligence refers to any harm caused by a nurse’s carelessness, rather than intentional harm. On the other hand, malpractice is a professional negligence, which occurs when an authorized and licensed nurse fails to give patient care according to the laid down standards (Phillips et al., 2004). That is, care below the standards set by the regulatory body. It is worth noting that the poor standard of such care subsequently causes harm to a patient. The table below summarises the differences and similarities between malpractice and negli gence Malpractice Negligence Definition A professional nurse gives substandard Though prudent and reasonable, a nurse gives unreasonable care Intentional Yes Can be intentional or not Lawsuits in Civil Courts Civil Courts Proof of lawsuit Duty, Breach, Causation and Damages Duty, Breach, Causation and Damages An example of a malpractice is a nurse who intentionally harms a patient by not performing his or her duties according to the laid down procedures and standards. On the other hand, a nurse harming a patient due to carelessness amounts to negligent act. Therefore, any unintentional action or omission that causes patient injuries is negligence while failure to adhere to nursing standards of practice may result in a malpractice lawsuit (Phillips et al., 2004). According to the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), malpractice refers to an inappropriate, unacceptable, and unethical conducts caused by an unreasonable lack of skill by a professional. On the other hand, gross negligence simply refers extreme cases of carelessness by a nurse. The implication by gross negligence is that a nurse has gone far below the standard of care with which a prudent and reasonable nurse may act towards a patient’s care (Phillips et al., 2004). In gross negligence, there is no trace of or slight evidence of care, even by the standards of a careless person. Thus, gross negligence has a degree difference with negligence. Several reasons have been cited as the main causes of negligence, gross negligence, and malpractice including delegation of duties, early discharge, shortage of nurses, hospital downsizing, numerous and advances in technology, better-informed patients, and expanded legal liability targeting medical professionals. With regards to task delegation, many hospitals have certain cost-cutting and cost-containment strategies, which propel them to delegate nursing duties to unlicensed assistants (Phillips et al., 2004). These assis tants may not be aware of a facility's or a regulator’s standards of care or nursing practice act. Second, many facilities discharge patients quite early, prior to full recovery while they still need acute and intensive nursing care. Other cost-containment strategies used in facilities are reduction in the number of nurses, which increases workloads for nurses, thus the likelihood for errors to occur. The many technological

Democratic Leadership Or Participative Leadership

Democratic Leadership Or Participative Leadership The  activity  of  leading  a  group  of people or an  organization, or the  ability  to do this.In its essence, leadership in an  organizational  role  involves establishing a clear vision, sharing that vision with others so that they will follow willingly,   providing  the  information,  knowledge, and  methods  to realize that vision, and coordinating and balancing the conflicting  interests  of all  members  or  stakeholders. A  leader  comes to the forefront in case of  crisis, and is  able  to think and  act  in  creative  ways in difficult situations. Unlike  management, leadership  flows  from the core of a  personality  and cannot be taught, although it may be learned and may be enhanced through  coaching  or  mentoring Most common qualities of leadership is seen in leaders are:- Autocratic leadership. Bureaucratic leadership. Charismatic leadership. Democratic leadership or participative leadership. Laissez-faire leadership. People-oriented leadership or relations-oriented leadership. Servant leadership. Task-oriented leadership. Transactional leadership. Transformational leadership. Autocratic Leadership Autocratic leadership is an extreme form of transactional leadership, where a leader exerts high levels of power over his or her employees or team members. People within the team are given few opportunities for making suggestions, even if these would be in the teams or organizations interest. Most people tend to resent being treated like this. Because of this, autocratic leadership usually leads to high levels of absenteeism and staff turnover. Also, the teams output does not benefit from the creativity and experience of all team members, so many of the benefits of teamwork are lost. For some routine and unskilled jobs, however, this  style  can remain effective where the advantages of control outweigh the disadvantages.  Learn more Democratic Leadership or Participative Leadership Although a democratic leader will make the final decision, he or she invites other members of the team to contribute to the decision-making process. This not only increases job satisfaction by involving employees or team members in whats going on, but it also helps to develop peoples skills. Employees and team members feel in control of their own destiny, and so are motivated to work hard by more than just a financial  reward. As participation takes time, this style can lead to things happening more slowly than an autocratic approach, but often the end result is better. It can be most suitable where team working is essential, and quality is more important than speed to market or productivity.  Learn more Transactional Leadership This style of leadership starts with the premise that team members agree to obey their leader totally when they take a job on: the transaction is (usually) that the organization pays the team members, in return for their effort and compliance. As such, the leader has the right to punish team members if their work doesnt meet the pre-determined standard. Team members can do little to improve their job satisfaction under transactional leadership. The leader could give team members some control of their income/reward by using incentives that encourage even higher standards or greater productivity. Alternatively a transactional leader could practice management by exception, whereby, rather than rewarding better work, he or she would take corrective action if the required standards were not met. Transactional leadership is really just a way of managing rather a true leadership style, as the focus is on short-term tasks. It has serious limitations for knowledge-based or creative work, but remains a common style in many organizations. Transformational Leadership A person with this leadership style is a true leader who inspires his or her team with a shared vision of the future. Transformational leaders are highly visible, and spend a lot of time communicating. They dont necessarily lead from the front, as they tend to delegate responsibility amongst their teams. While their enthusiasm is often infectious, they can need to be supported by detail people. In many organizations, both transactional and transformational leadership are needed. The transactional leaders (or managers) ensure that routine work is done reliably, while the transformational leaders look after initiatives that add value. The transformational leadership style is the dominant leadership style taught in the How to Lead: Discover the Leader Within You leadership program, although we do recommend that other styles are brought as the situation demands. Using the Right Style Situational Leadership While the Transformation Leadership approach is often highly effective, there is no one right way to lead or manage that suits all situations. To choose the most effective approach for you, you must consider: The skill levels and experience of the members of your team. The work involved (routine or new and creative). The organizational environment (stable or radically changing, conservative or adventurous). You own preferred or natural style. A good leader will find him or herself switching instinctively between styles according to the people and work they are dealing with. This is often referred to as situational leadership. For example, the manager of a small factory trains new machine operatives using a bureaucratic style to ensure operatives know the procedures that achieve the right standards of product quality and workplace safety. The same manager may adopt a more participative style of leadership when working on production line improvement with his or her team of supervisors Comparison of leaders and their styles Compare and Contrast Two  Business  LeadersLi Ka-shing and Bill Gates    Due to tremendous disparities in historical background and civilization between Chinese and Western countries, there exist remarkable differences between Chinese and Western business leaders. However, both of them still have similarities. This essay will take Li Ka-shing and Bill Gates as representatives to illustrate the differences and similarities between Chinese and Western business leaders.One obvious difference is background. As the most wealthy and successful businessman in Asia, Li had a miserable childhood. In order to escape the war, Lis family had to flee to Hong Kong when he was 12-year-old. Growing up in arduous circumstances, Li had to make a livelihood at the age of 14. In contrast, as the Worlds richest person, Gates was born in a better family with a lawyer father and a teacher mother. He received a decent education and started programming computer at the age of 13. Other difference comes from business scope. Lis business develops into a large amount of areas, including plastics manufacturing, real estate, ports facilities, telecommunications, et cetera. While on the other hand, Gates is taking the leading role in the IT sector. Despite the differences in background and business scope, Li and Gates share several similarities. Firstly, both of them commit to philanthropy. It was reported that Li had contributed more than $450 million to support the development of educational undertakings and medical care such as building hospitals and colleges (Investing  Value, n.d.). Correspondingly, Gates set up a foundation-The Bill and Melinda Gate Foundation-to facilitate philanthropy, covering health care, educational investment and the development of information industry. Secondly, both of them make a great achievement. According to statistics, Lis conglomerates have been a worldwide with representation in 40 countries (Investing Value, n.d.). Likewise, Gates. Bibliography edit, v. (Ret Mar 2007). leadership toolbox. Retrieved from wwww.leadershiptoolbox.com Nwlink. (2010). nwlink.com. Retrieved from www.nwlink.com/donclark/leader various. (Ret. 2009). sample assignments. Retrieved from powerfulleaders.com: www.powerfulleaders.com/sampleassignments/management.html https://www.studymode.com/join.php Essay 2 Leadership and Cultural Awareness:- Cultural awareness refers to understanding the differences between human communities based on their ideologies, values, beliefs, norms, customs, meanings and ways of life. By increasing cultural awareness leaders interacting with diverse populations will develop greater sensitivity to culture, diversity and multicultural societies. You will also improve your capability to understand, and relate to a diverse range of people in an ethical, effective, and collaborative way. Cultural Awareness can: Promote leadership development through reflection, understanding, and learning Reduce conflict through a heightened understanding of culture Enhance self confidence in dealing with diversity Build coping skills for dealing with negative emotions Reduce individual stress by promoting understanding and acceptance. Promote ethical practices by providing support and facilitating awareness MAKING DIVERSITY AN EVERYDAY REALITY IN YOUR WORKPLACE A Global Study in Diversity and Cultural Awareness developed with a learning objective to heighten awareness of how cultural, ethnic, gender and religious backgrounds can influence personal and professional identity, attitudes and behavior. The deeper impact of diversity has little to do with our physical appearances. It is our uniqueness that bridges the gap between our differences and the acceptance that as human beings we are all very deeply connected. In todays workplace people from many cultures and varied ethnicities must function well together, working as a team to accomplish the goals and  represent the core values defined  by your organization. Purpose  Plans definition of diversity addresses much more than the standard cultural, ethnicity, gender and age considerations. To reach the pinnacle requires respect, understanding and appreciation of others unique characteristics.  High performing teams are a result of self awareness, successful exploration and understanding of personality types and work styles, implementation of organizational dynamics and leadership development. New Zealand can move beyond the cultural awareness of the other to exploring ways of being diverse through acceptance rather than resistance of difference. Leadership and diversity must include ways to assist us as New Zealanders in  social cohesion. It is much  more than good behavior, or tolerance, a sort of good behavior of silent suffering in public, or understanding which implies that if you learn enough it will mask our own  prejudices. No one is prejudice free.   Its about reaching into the very way we perceive our society and seeing that diversity is a part of it, rather than a resistance for its inclusion. Its about ensuring that we must become a participatory democracy for all. Good leadership includes teaching in a not very diverse country, the language, the words and phrases, to speak about our own prejudices, to critically analyze our assumptions and expectations about new migrants and refugees into this country. We need to see who makes up the in-out groups of our society. We need to get beyond the solution of employing one ethnic person to solve all the cultural issues of that group.   Working towards a deeper understanding of, or relationship with a community requires more than an expansion of thinking, or some creative thinking. It needs spaces at a number of different levels, each a site of conversation that will enable minority voices to be heard at the appropriate volume and representation.   It means looking not just at the gains of culturally diverse conversations, but at the organizational structure and determination to share resources. The Treaty of Waitangi The  Treaty of Waitangi  (Maori:  Trite o Waitangi) is a  treaty  first signed on 6 February 1840 by representatives of the  British Crown  and various Maori  chiefs from the  North Island  of New Zealand. The Treaty established a British  Governor of New Zealand, recognized Maori ownership of their lands and other properties, and gave the Maori the rights of British subjects. The English and  Maori  versions of the Treaty differed significantly, so there is no consensus as to exactly what was agreed to. From the British point of view, the Treaty gave Britain  sovereignty  over New Zealand, and gave the  Governor  the right to govern the country. Maori believed they ceded to the Crown a right of governance in return for protection, without giving up their authority to manage their own affairs.  After the initial signing at Waitangi, copies of the Treaty were taken around New Zealand and over the following months many other chiefs signed. In total there are nine copies of the Treaty of Waitangi including the original signed on 6 February 1840.  Around 500 chiefs, including at least 13 females, signed the Treaty of Waitangi Until the 1970s, the Treaty was generally ignored by both the courts and  parliament, although it was usually depicted in  New Zealand history  as a generous act on the part of the Crown.  Maori have looked to the Treaty for rights and remedies for land loss and unequal treatment by the state, with mixed  success. From the late 1960s Maori began drawing attention to breaches of the Treaty, and subsequent histories have emphasized problems with its translation. In 1975, the  Waitangi Tribunal  was established as a permanent  commission  of inquiry tasked with researching breaches of the Treaty by the Crown or its agents, and suggesting means of redress. Today it is generally considered the  founding document  of New Zealand as a nation. Despite this, the Treaty is often the subject of heated debate, and much disagreement by both Maori and non-Maori New Zealanders. Many Maori feel that the Crown did not fulfill its obligations under the Treaty, and have presented evidence of this before sittings of the Tribunal. Some non-Maori New Zealanders have suggested that Maori may be abusing the Treaty in order to claim special privileges. The Crown, in most cases, is not obliged to act on the recommendations of the Tribunal but nonetheless in many instances has accepted that it breached the Treaty and its principles.  Settlements  to date have consisted of hundreds of millions of dollars of reparations in  cash  and assets, as well as apologies. This is the better example for leader, when they working in an environment where they have to lead people from different cultures. New Zealand business leaders also ready to aware this type of cross cultural communications to avoid confusions and misunderstandings. (Brookfield F. , 1999) Bibliography Brookfield, F. (. (1999). Waitangi and Indigenous Rights. Auckland Univercity. Brookfield, F. (1999). republic.org. Retrieved from www.republic.org.nz/treatyofwaitangi http://www.anewnz.org.nz/vision.asp?id=137 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi http://www.logosnoesis.com/Leaders/Cultural_Awareness Essay 3 Influences on Leadership There can be no leadership without influence, because influencing is how leaders lead. In their classic book on leadership,  Leaders:   Strategies for Taking Charge, Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus echo this point: There is a profound difference between management and leadership, they wrote, and both are important. To manage means to bring about, to accomplish, to have charge of or responsibility for, to conduct. Leading is influencing, guiding in direction, course,  action, opinion.' They add that an  essential  factor in leadership is the capacity to influence. Leaders lead by mobilizing people around a compelling vision of the future, by inspiring them to follow in the leaders footsteps. They show people whats possible and motivate them to make those possibilities real. They energize and focus people in ways that fulfill their dreams, give them a sense of purpose, and leave them with a profound sense of accomplishment when the work is done. Leaders lead by modeling ways of thinking or acting and by encouraging new ways of looking at situations, and by so doing they give people the words and the courage to make those new ways their own. The best leaders are teachers, mentors, and role modelsand they accomplish the vast majority of their work through influence, not authority. In many cases, leaders and managers are one in the same. The division vice president who leads a team of people to accomplish what they might not have thought possible is also a manager. The manager who oversees a teams task performance but also looks after the team members career  planning  and coaches them on developing their skills is also a leader. The art of management and leadership is to know when to act as a manager and when to act as a leader, when to use authority and when to use influence, when to ask and when to tell, when to take over and when to let go. In every case, it is crucial for leaders and managers to understand the range of influence techniques they can use, know when and how to use them, build their power bases so that they have the capacity to be influential, and sharpen their skills so that they can influence people effectively. Business Leader: bill gates Bill Gates is cofounder, chairman and chief software architect of Microsoft, the most successful software company in the world, renowned for making software that is powerful and innovative while still being user friendly. Microsoft now employs more than 55,000 people in 85 countries. William H Gates III commonly known as Bill Gates was born on 28th October 1955 and raised in Seattle along with his two sisters. Bill became interested in programming at an early age while attending one of Seattles most exclusive schools. Gates soon befriended a student named Paul Allen and together using the schools minicomputer they practiced their skills. They turned to a computing company, in exchange for  free  use of a more powerful computer they searched for bugs in the computers system while also learning new languages. Bill went on to Harvard University and while there teamed up with Paul to write a new version of Basic programming language for the first personnel computer the Altair 8800. The company was impressed with Gates and Allens work and licensed the software resulting in Gates and Allen forming the company Microsoft to develop software for other companies. Bill dropped out of Harvard to spend more time on the new business Influencing Factors:- Motivation He believes that if you are intelligent and know how to apply your  intelligence,  you  can  achieve  anything.  From  childhood  Bill  was ambitious,  intelligent  and competitive.  These  qualities  helped  him  to attain top position in the profession he chose. VISIONARY Microsofts vision is A computer on every desk and Microsoft software on every computer he will  continue to  stomp out the competition until he dies. Every business and household must have a computer and must run Microsoft software, was the basic guiding vision of Bill Gates. PASSION When as a student at the Harvard University, every single student would have wanted to be part of the great institute and graduate to be successful, Bill Gates decided to stop studying and pursue his dream of writing softwares for every computer in theworldHe  was  just  passionate  about  software,  coding  and  technology  thatincidentally also made him the richest man in the world INNOVATION Gates and Allen were assisted by a staff of six, which included four  programmers.  In  late  1977,  Gates  released  a  version  of  FORTRAN Technical Mind Bill Gates is born with a highly technical bent of mind. It is a gift of god to him. Microsoft has earned lots of success through this technical mind. He Had a Vision From day one, Gates dreamed of having a personal computer in every home, in every business and in every school. Throughout his career, he never once wavered from this dream. Focusing on software as the means to popularize the PC, Gates built his empire around this central vision and steered clear of all other distractions. And, the vision continues today.We are not even close to finishing the basic dream of what the PC can  be, he says. He Had a Solid Team If we  werent still  hiring great people and pushing ahead at full  speed, it would be easy to fall behind and become a mediocre company, says Gates. From Microsofts inception, Gates prioritized his team, bringing in only trusted friends to help him  get the company started. As the company grew, he insisted that they hire only the most capable young minds and strove to create a small and creative environment for them to thrive in .Microsoft succeeded not only because of Gates, but also because of the strong  team  that  stood  behind  him. He Took a Long-Term Approach In the decade ahead I can predict that we will provide over twice the  productivity improvement that  we provided in the  90s, said Gates. This  bold statement captures Gates philosophy behind his entire business.  Never one to chase after instant success or an immediate pay-off, Gates  began  coding  software  with  a  view  to  the  next  fifty  years.  He  hasconstantly tried to keep his company at the forefront of new technologicaldevelopments  by  funding  new  research  initiatives.  Gates  long-termapproach helped ensure Microsofts remarkable staying power. He Learned  From Failure: In hindsight, Gates early failures seem so miniscule that they are almost laughable. But, as a struggling entrepreneur, he went through the same frustration, confusion and despair that others in his situation also face. What distinguishes Gates from the rest was his ability to rebound from his mistakes and take whatever lessons he could from them. He then  became even more resolute and determined to see his vision realize. He Never Stopped Asking Questions I  believe  that  through  our  natural  inventiveness,  creativity  andwillingness to solve tough problems, were going to make some amazingachievements,  said  Gates  speaking  to  the  future  possibilities  for  medicine, education and technology. When Gates faced a dilemma, he didnt stop and give up. He asked questions about what could be done tosolve  the  problem.  From  his  business  activities  to  his  philanthropicefforts, Gates curiosity and desire to constantly be learning has been one of the key factors behind his success.If Id had some set idea of a finish line, dont you think I would have crossed it years ago? asks Gates. Showing no signs of slowing down, Gates continues to fuel his business, inspire his workers and make his contribution to the global village.At Microsoft, there are lots of brilliant ideas but the image is that the yell come from the top, says Gates. Im afraid thats not quite right.While Gates has be en the famous face of Microsoft for over thirty years, it took the help of numerous other trusted individuals to help realize the companys success. When Allen and Gates first met as students at Lakeside, they instantly formed a strong bond over their passion for computers. And, it was a  bond that would last for the rest of their lives. Knowing each others strengths and weaknesses, interests and passions and having a strong sense of trust enabled these two entrepreneurs to form one of the most successful working relationships of the 20th century. Gates, recognizing the importance of a solid and trustworthy team, also  brought  on  two  former  high  school  friends,  Ric  Weiland  and  MarcMcDonald, to be part of the core Microsoft group. Gates knew that if  Microsoft was going to get its feet off the ground, it was going to take the hard work and sweat that he trusted few others to put in. From day one, he understood the importance of having a small team t hat could join together each persons enthusiasm around a common goal. When Gates moved the operation to Seattle in 1979, he had a staff of 16  people. As Microsoft grew, so too did the number of employees that thecompany  required.  Gates  continued  to  bring  in  trusted  friends  of  hiswhose  characters  he  understood  and  who  he  knew  he  could  trust,including his friend from college, Steve Ballmer, who was thereafter incharge  of  human  resources.  Steve  and  I  were  kind  of  driving  the  business and Paul and I were driving the technology, recalls Gates. Our  success has really been based on partnerships from the very beginning.The move to Seattle proved to be a boon for Microsoft in that it enabled the company to have a much wider range of skilled candidates to choose from. In the world of software a lot of the brilliant ideas of Microsoft come from a broad set of great people weve been able to hir e, says Gates. In one  particularly key move, Ballmer  hired Charles Simonyi, one of the original founders of the Xerox Palo Alto research lab, whose knowledge about graphical interfaces made a significant contribution to Microsofts later graphical applications.  As  their  number  of  staff  began  increasing  into  the  thousands,  thecompany typically focused on hiring people right out of  school. Most of  our developers, we decided that we wanted them to come with clear  minds, not polluted by some other approach, to learn the way that we liked to develop software, and to put the kind of energy into it that we thought was key, recalls Gates. Microsoft continues to seek out only the best in order to help it stay ahead of its increasingly fierce competition. They key for us, number one, has always been hiring very smart people, says Gates. There is no way of  getting around, that in terms of IQ, youve got to be very elitist in picking  people wh o deserve to write software. Ninety-five percent of the people shouldnt write complex software.  By hiring the best  and the brightest and carrying out work in  small teams that stimulate free and creative thinking, Microsoft has managed to retain its competitive edge for over three decades.

Euthanasia Essay -- essays research papers fc

EUTHANASIA IS NOT FOR EVERYONE. Years ago, talking about death was a social taboo. Although, some civilizations have not open their minds that much, each day more people have opened their minds to a new way of looking at death. People have realized that as humans, they are not here to suffer; instead, they are here to enjoy life. Euthanasia is a word that in the past years has appeared on the media. Cases appeared each day, and people are not still reacting to it in a good way, probably because they do not know what it is really implied on it. People think of it as only a way of killing people, not in the way of helping patients with a better departure. People think that euthanasia has been accepted, by few, as the first and only option that ill patients have to. But instead, it is the last option, the last door to open and give patients a peaceful passing. Opposite sides conceive of euthanasia as a lower and non ethical way to help patients. Also they claim the fact that sometimes euthanasia has been practiced wit hout the consent of patients, but at the will of doctors and families. Euthanasia is a very complex issue, and it can not be looked at as the answer for every single patient. Otherwise, it has to be thought of as a very rare and non usual way of helping people. Euthanasia is there to let people know that they have an open option to rely on in any moment, without thinking of any legal consequence, obviously with the appropriate precautions that corresponds. Euthanasia is known as mercy killing. What euthanasia simply gives is a better ending to those patients who seem to not have any deserving end. There are various ways of practicing it, and many definitions around it have born. A pro-euthanasia group defines assisted suicide as when someone â€Å"provides the means (drugs or other agents) by which a person can take his or her own life† (ERGO). There also exists what is called as physician-assisted suicide, in which a doctor prescribes lethal drugs in order to help the patient commit suicide. One of the most famous cases in the world concerning physician assisted suicide is the one of Dr Jack Kevorkian. Dr Kevorkian, who currently is 70 years old, has been convicted for 7 years for helping in almost 130 cases on assisted suicide. Dr Kevorkian has shelter in compassion. It means his only defense is that he was just helping all his patients that his int... ... they have an option, that instead of endless suffering and spending amount of time and money they have an option. WORKS CITED "Arguments for Euthanasia Are Unconvincing" by International Anti-Euthanasia Task Force. Euthanasia. Opposing Viewpoints ® Series. Greenhaven 2000. http://0galenet.galegroup.com.librus.hccs.edu:80/servlet/OVRC Campbell, Courteney S. â€Å"Euthanasia and Religion† Infotrac. January 2000. p 37 http://web3.infotrac.galegroup.com.librus.hccs.edu ERGO. 5.Nov. 2004. www.finalexit.org Lockwood, Frank E. â€Å"Choosing to die† Miami Herald. 24.June. 2001 http://0-www.sirs.com.librus.hccs.edu:80 Los Angeles Times. â€Å"Ashcroft seeks power to punish Oregon euthanasia doctors† Los Angeles Times 10.Nov. 2004 http://0-web3.infotrac.librus.hccs.edu Not Dead Yet. 5 Nov.2004 www.notdeadyet.org Palmer, Larry I. â€Å"Endings and beginnings: law medicine, and society in assisted life and death. Westport, Conn. Praeger.200 The hemlock society. 5 Nov. 2004 http://www.compassionindying.org Urofsky, Melvin. â€Å"Rights of the people: individual freedom and the bill of rights -- Privacy† SIRS Government Reporter. 2003

The Age of Information Technology

Before computerization era becomes a mandatory for commerce, employees used to enter and maintain information in books then they had to look up the required information and perform any calculations and designs. Such critical tasks are definitely prone to human errors that any employee could perform any miscalculation. Given the importance of information processing in the commerce, it is not surprising that business of any types was among the earliest adopters of automated information processing technology.Historically, daily operation in commerce requires high accuracy and reliable process that only a small group of staff can handle such tasks. For this reason, the use of computers in commerce or trade in any industries has deliberately increased year by year since they are designed to handle sophisticated tasks like storing and retrieving large amounts of information and at making calculations and designs at highest accuracy. 1. 2 The Coming of Convergence Era In general, communicat ion refers to exchange of ideas between two people or more and it is slightly different from that of telecommunication.According to National Telecommunication and Information Administration in United States, telecommunication relates to any transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals, writing, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. In fact, telecommunication supports the way people communicate and vice versa, especially in digital era. The coming of digital technology, known as the representation of two binary digits: ‘0’ and ‘1’, few decades ago has enabled us to convert any kind of information (voice, data, and video) into other forms.This advantage of digital age, in turn, enables us to experience the era where people can communicate in many forms: voice (through telephone, handy talky etc), data (short message services/SMS, facsimile etc), and video (video streaming, video con ference etc). This situation refers to the era people call as the convergence in digital technologies. The convergence of digital technologies including television, telephony, and computers has stimulated the reach of the innovations of the Internet that grew from inter-university computer networks in United States.Furthermore, the growing popularity in those multimedia services, in fact, has increased the demand for Internet bandwidth. However, there has been no convergence on either the economics or the future policy framework of the Internet. While emerging information and communication technologies have strengthened the Internet community, we lack of economic and policy issues that must exist to sustain the growth and expand the scope of the Internet. I. 3 Why A Company Need Broadband Access? I. 3. 1 Definition of BroadbandBy definition broadband is a high-speed transmission. This word is nowadays common in telecommunication and internet industry to describe Internet access via cable modems or DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), which provide faster connection than dial-up connection can do. Although, the terminology of broadband has been around for years, however, we will encounter different standard concerning the speed limit that the broadband provides. According to Answer. com, there are scholars that define broadband as connection with T1 (1. 5 Mbps) as the threshold.However, others might refer broadband as high-speed connection up to T3 (45 Mbps). For instances, after the turn of the century, South Korea refers broadband Internet as DSL connection that provides up to 50 Mbps while they call 1. 5 Mbps service as light â€Å"connection† although other countries might consider the 1. 5 Mbps connection as broadband access. In short, we might provide analogy for broadband vs. dial up connection likes a brand new sports car and a horse drawn carriage implying the distant difference between the two connections in terms of speed.I. 3. 2 Benefits of Having Broadband Access Although the term of broadband has been widely used in telecommunication and computer industry, we might entice to find out what the real benefits of using broadband connection for both individuals and corporations. In an article titled â€Å"why do I need broadband? †, there is at least five obvious benefits for both individuals or corporations in relation to the use of broadband. They are as following: ? Broadband refers to â€Å"always on† connection.Unlike dial up connection services that demand users to wait some time to get their costly modem connected into Internet, broadband provide more comfortable services since they should not wait for connections or invest in costly multiple modems ? Since broadband is an â€Å"always connected† services, the charging method for subscribers of broadband access is fixed price per month. This situation benefits both users and service providers since they are able to budget their expense every month ? B roadband connection is also relatively easy and simple to install (depending on how many PCs require broadband access)? Broadband connection has no relation with the use of telephone lines so that individuals or corporations can employ the lines more effectively for other purpose ? At minimum, broadband connection provides users 40 times faster than dial-up. In addition, subscribers can choose the broadband option best suited to their business I. 3. 3 Broadband, What for Once an individual or corporation has broadband access, they might question what the high-speed connection for if they do not have specific need for such high-speed connection.Therefore, as broadband connection likes DSL is only a medium or a pipe, we should first consider what kind of information that they can deliver through the pipe. A good example of the use of broadband access is the Marriott, a famous hotel chain. They employ broadband connections for the benefits of communications between hotels within the ch ain and for the customers as well. Their objective in relation to broadband access is to meet the inflexible demands of today’s meetings and business travel. Depending upon customers’ needs, they offer high-speed Internet connections, superb sound and lighting systems, LCD projectors, and printers.Moreover, Marriott provide an extraordinary level of connectivity and productivity with their high-speed wired Internet access. Perfect for real-time, interactive training sessions, rearrangement event schedules, and carry outing safe chat sessions, high-speed Internet gets 50 times faster than dial-up modem services (â€Å"Onsite Services†). In this manner, we can view what the Marriot do is match the customers needs. This is true since for some people, wireless LAN (Local Area Network) or WLAN connection will make business travel more productive.It possible to gaining the flexibility and freedom to work and play on the go with excellent mobile performance and wireles s LAN ability with the new Intel ® Centrinoâ„ ¢ mobile technology Mutual with limitless mobile positions, a Satellite Video Conference can present us: ? Capability to communicate in real time – without audio or video delay ? Infinite location flexibility ? Protected data broadcast through encryption services ? Television-quality production and distribution ? The alternative to distribute live or prerecorded programming? Two-way communication when grouped with audio conferencing services (â€Å"Onsite Services†) II. J. MILOPOYLOS LTD In this section, we will provide the use of Broadband for the benefits of a Greece company named J. MILOPOYLOS LTD. Things to be discussed including consideration in implementing broadband and mobile network within the company’s network and its strategy to employ the broadband into full potential. II. 1 Background of the Company J. MILOPOYLOS LTD was founded in 1984. The company is the exclusive or sole representative and import er of the Swiss ice creams named Movenpick.Nowadays, Movenpick are in the category of premium ice cream, they are prepared from materials of high quality and are addressed in all the consumers primarily of high incomes. The distribution includes the market catering (packing of 5 liters) in selectively hotels, restaurants and cruiser ship and the retail market in certain supermarkets. Movenpick range includes also the homonym coffee that is imported and distributed in the same channels as the ice cream. II. 2 Consideration of Implementing Broadband for J. MILOPOYLOS LTDIt is quite to tempting to associate â€Å"right technologies† with sophisticated new machines, robots, or any interactive holographic assistants. It turns out that the right technologies for small business might be merely a desktop computer or simply a digital voice recorder, depending on the type of business we compete. Lisa Kanarek (2004), the founder of HomeOfficeLife. com and the author of some books on hom e office business, offers six ways for home or small business in deploying appropriate technologies that will increase productivity effectively and efficiently as follows:In this situation, therefore, technology will help J. MILOPOYLOS LTD to save time while increase the company’s efficiency. More importantly, once J. MILOPOYLOS LTD finds out the benefits of broadband for the company’s business, they should define what things can be customized by broadband connection for their needs. Therefore, they should learn how to benefit the broadband connection and take time to use it. Equipping office of J. MILOPOYLOS LTD with the right technology will help the company to increase their productivity.However, the technology in like broadband connection, PC, printer, fax, or any other electronic equipment, is only tools. The person using them determines whether the tools effectively and efficiently help completing tasks or just become expensive and cute decoration on our workstat ions. Furthermore, users are responsible for maintaining their data and desktop computers while IT department, if any, are responsible to provide and create any supporting applications that helps users completing tasks efficiently and effectively.Under such circumstances, the most important consideration of subscribing broadband connection for J. MILOPOYLOS LTD is to ensure that the company knows what the technology can benefit them, define and create value added services based on the broadband connection, and make sure that all employees know how to operate them. II. 3 Broadband Strategy for J. MILOPOYLOS LTD The advancement in communications and internet technologies has spawn a new model of the world’s economy, borderless economy. The terminology refers to the existence of cross-nations or even cross-continents trade, commerce, and other economics process.In internet era, companies need to remember that the Web is inherently global – when a company launches a Web si te, it is accessible by a worldwide audience. Jennifer Lawton from the Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership, reminds that Once we look at an e-commerce solution, we will need to consider the flow of information from our Web site into back-office operations. For instances, what we want when a customer pushes a button on our website whether it bring the customer into a client database, send shipping instructions to a warehouse, or charge a credit card.Therefore, Lawton suggests that E-commerce is just a part of how we run business. The success of your online business lies on how attractive our products are. Under such circumstances, we suggest that J. MILOPOYLOS LTD create an attractive website in order to increase the sales volume from the increasing use of the distribution channels including the market catering (packing of 5 liters) in selectively hotels, restaurants and cruiser ship and the retail market in certain supermarkets.The web site also benefits the company since prospective buyers can find useful information regarding the company’s products ranging from the imported homonym coffee to ice cream from the company’s website. The condition suggests that J. MILOPOYLOS LTD should have sustainable Supply Chain Management in order to reduce inventory, referring to assumption that products are available when needed. Therefore, it will improve the time-to-market of products, reduce costs, and allow all parties in the supply chain to manage current resources and plan for future needs.In typical Japanese manufacturing, the idea of having the time-to-market of products is done through Just in Time (JIT) system. In addition, to obtain successful SCM, O’Brien and Springman (2004) suggests that companies should balance supply and demand since focusing entirely on the supply side may result in unnecessary capital expenditures, inventory investments or suboptimal solutions. Therefore, to best optimize the total supply chain, supply chain managers must have a detailed understanding of customer demand and then to manage this demand patterns of their customers.Above all, to provide reliable internet access for prospective buyers in looking at information of the company’s product and to sustain a large quantity of supply chain, therefore J. MILOPOYLOS LTD should subscribe broadband connection in order to prevent error in connection. Above figure is typical broadband connection for J. MILOPOYLOS LTD with connection speed up to 45 Mbps. The fast connection is important for the company in order to provide their customers with comfortable connection like being in a highway so that any transactions.In the picture, we use fiber optics as transmission medium since it provides greater reliability than coaxial or satellite. In the server, the company might place several pages of websites that are related to the company’s business like a page for conducting online transaction, pages for showing pictures of the comp any’s product, and a home page that navigating customers to browse over the websites’ contents. Bibliography Arnold, David. 2004, ‘Strategies for Entering and Developing International Markets’, InformIT, [Online] Retrieved June 2, 2005, Available at http://www. informit. com/search‘Broadband’, [Online] Retrieved June 1, 2005, Available at http://www. answers. com/topic/broadband Greguras, Fred M. ‘How is Electronic Commerce Changing Global Business? ’ [Online] Retrieved June 1, 2005, Available at http://www. fenwick. com/docstore/publications/corporate/Changing_Global_Business. pdf. Kanarek, Lisa. ‘Make the Most of Technology in Your Small Business’, SCORE. [Online] Retrieved June 2, 2005, Available at http://www. score. org/om_8. html Lawton, Jennifer. ‘E-commerce: Is It Right for my Small Business? ’ SCORE. [Online] Retrieved June 1, 2005, Available at http://www. score. org/eb_10. html McKnight, Lee W. and Joseph P.Bailey. 1995, ‘An Introduction to Internet Economics’, University of Michigan Press. [Online] Retrieved June 2, 2005, Available at http://www. press. umich. edu/jep/works/McKniIntro. html O’Brien, Kevin and Brian Springman. 2004, ‘Optimizing Supply Chains, Understanding Demands’, CRM Buyer. [Online] Retrieved June 1, 2005, Available at ‘Onsite Services’, 2005, [Online] Retrieved June 2, 2005, Available at http://marriott. com/meeting/meetings/onsiteServices. mi? WT_Ref=mi_left ‘Why do I need broadband? ’ Retrieved June 2, 2005, Available at http://www. startups. co. uk/YUAsx-poP66y3A. html

Analysis of Eli Lilly case study

Analysis of Eli Lilly case study Review the history in recent years of Lilly that is presented in the case: what mistakes did Lilly make in its product development efforts?Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Analysis of Eli Lilly case study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Eli Lilly pharmaceutical company had been well known for the manufacture of insulin related products needed in the treatment of diabetes. The company had managed to establish very firm foundation in North America, Canada as well as other well developed economies (Christensen, 2004). As a matter of fact, Eli Lilly was one of the global market leaders in the production of insulin. Its major competitor was Novo Nordisk, a German based pharmaceutical firm. However, the two market rivals merged and formed one big firm. For a considerable period of time, Eli Lilly had enjoyed impressive revenue amounting to over $5 billion. In any case, the second largest generator of revenue at Eli L illy was insulin. The company started experiencing expedited growth in its manufacturing portfolio when it was awarded an exclusive license to manufacture and market insulin products in the wider North America. Although this was an early development, it greatly gave the company an impetus for growth bearing in mind that it came at a time when demand for insulin in the entire American continent was high due to increased obesity (Christensen, 2004). There were myriad of mistakes that the management at Eli Lilly Co. made in their path towards product development. It is imperative to note that all the subsequent improvements that were done on insulin especially after 1923 brought about tremendous results. However, the company failed to prioritize its development agenda. It is indisputable that the pharmaceutical company was faced with a major management challenge throughout its operations. For instance, one of the vivid mistakes that Eli Lilly committed was to invest enormous amount of money when innovating in one product only (Insulin). This was executed without a proper audit of the cost benefit analysis. In other words, the company proceeded with an extremely fast pace of innovation which jeopardized its operations in later years due to loss of billions of dollars. For example, the pens and Match insulin that were launched almost on all major markets across the world was done within a very short time. In addition, the test data technology as well as operating CDS centers proved to be an extra and unnecessarily financial burden to the company. It is imperative to mention that the CDS centers were not used to retail insulin products for Eli Lilly Company. These centers were meant for providing education to the population. As a result, there were no direct returns on this multi-million investment. The company also failed or completely ignored to work on its supply chain management as well as product line rationalization.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Why were those mistakes made in your opinion? Explain what you mean. In my opinion, Eli Lilly failed to draft its own developmental plan and the various phases through which innovation would take place. While we may appreciate the fact that the company made some considerable gains in its development record in manufacturing and marketing insulin products, it is worth noting that it reached at a point when cash outflows in terms of innovative investment went far above the revenue generated. In addition, the company should have introduced insulin products into the market bit by bit only after assessing the competitiveness and demand of the products. In most of its innovative moves, Eli Lilly did not proceed with caution. The company disregarded the potential of other market players. In addition, it did not carry out any investment appraisal or prior surveys before expandin g to overseas markets. As you analyze what lessons Lilly needs to have learned from its past experiences, apply those lessons to the innovation projects on Mr. Larry Ellingson’s current agenda at the time of the case. Is the Company pursuing the right diabetes related opportunities in light of what you perceive matters to most customers? Specify which of the possible projects he should emphasize and why. (Note that as always, there are various different segments of customers, some more important to growth than others). There are several lessons that Eli Lilly ought to have learnt from its past management loopholes. To begin with, it is worth noting that the main management problem at the company was largely a function of how innovation was approached over the years. In the case of Eli Lilly, it was necessary for the company to develop a statistical study source that would capture the internal innovative strategy of the firm as well as analyze the economic features of both the products being sold and innovative response of the market. For instance, the Portable Blood Glucose Meters did not respond well to some markets due to the prime price of the product. Additionally, the market dynamics led to low or reduced sales due to high competition from other market rivals. There were some companies like Boehringer Mannheim that were selling their insulin with free samples attached to the gadget. Mr. Larry Ellingson’s current agenda on innovation may not be addressing the needs of all segments of customers. The management of the company should emphasize on developing more user-friendly insulin gadgets and which are also cost effective. The CDS centers should be operated minimally or eliminated altogether. Mr. Larry Ellingson ought to embark on thorough Research and Development (RD) especially in foreign markets in order to establish the various needs of consumer segments available in the market before eventually rolling out new products.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Analysis of Eli Lilly case study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What about Humulin – what should the Company do with this product on which it has spent so much money with such poor results, why did it do this, what should it do now should it market it more widely to doctors (advertising was largely still forbidden at this time), market it differently, or discontinue it? The fact Humulin has been assimilated into the market as well as cost the company enormous sum of money implies one important consideration. It should be promoted in the market using the most viable avenues of advertisements. Market promotion should be accompanied by price reduction of the product so that all segments of consumers are reached out. It is most likely that the prime price of Humulin was a major marketing setback for the product. In addition, marketing of Humulin should also target professionals in healthcar e such as doctors. Is Eli Lilly Co. talking to the right persons or groups to determine what product features or advancements would be most appreciated by the â€Å"diabetes related market?† Explain your answer, do not just answer yes or no. It is highly likely that Eli Lilly Co has failed to contract the right persons or professional to carry out market survey before embarking on selling newly innovated products. This has been evident from the fact that a product such as Humulin did not yield positive outcome in the market. Research and Development (RD) is indeed necessary as part and parcel of successful innovative end. What other steps should Ellingson and/or his bosses do to ensure the success of Eli Lilly’s efforts to grow and expand its diabetes related market? The following are some of the steps that should be taken to ensure growth of diabetes related market: exercise strategic human resource management, conduct cost-benefit analysis, create a distinction bet ween process of innovation viability of individual product in the market as well as understand the various modes of innovation that can be successfully employed in international and domestic companies (Jolly, 2003).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What should we learn from this sad case? The main lesson that can be learnt from this case analysis is that the process of innovative development in an organization should be executed with caution and proper planning (Jolly, 2003). References Christensen, M.C. (2004). Eli Lilly and Company: Innovation in Diabetes Care. Harvard Business School. 697(77): 71-86. Jolly, A. (2003). Innovation: harnessing creativity for business growth. London, UK: Kogan Page.

Twiggy essays

Twiggy essays At 17, Leslie Hornby took hold of the world. At 21, she let it go. She was the original waif, a 60s phenomenon-a superstar. She was Twiggy, (Cheever Page 74). Leslie Hornby was the revolutionary woman who changed the idea of beauty in the eyes of the fashion industry and the entire world. She exemplified the androgynous mod look that swept America as it had Britain and much of Europe in the 1960s. Standing at 5 feet 6 Â ½ inches and weighing in at 90 pounds, the nickname Twiggy was derived. Twiggys popularity not only influenced many people to try and imitate her look, but also drastically influenced the rise in power of models in the fashion industry. She was a role model and revolutionary for todays top models, but her popularity also brought along with it the irrational image of the ideal woman. Twiggy was a major trendsetter in America during the sixties, even though she hailed from England. While working as a shampoo girl in a salon, she was discovered by Nigel Davies, who saw her potential and immediately took her to a trendy salon in London to get a haircut. The owner put her picture in his shop window, and a short time later that picture was featured in the London Daily Express with a caption that read, This is the face of 1966 (Twiggy: Click! Click!). After discovering the fifteen year-old with the 31-22-32 figure, Davies-who preferred to be called Justin De Villeneuve-became Twiggys agent and boyfriend at age 25. He took her to Paris and a short while after her popularity grew, she was put on the cover of Elle magazine, as well as Paris Match, and the British edition of Vogue. During Twiggys peak success in Europe, De Villeneuve set up Twiggy Enterprises, Ltd., where he gathered a line of clothes, false eyelashes, cosmetics, dolls, and posters all endorsed by Twiggy (The Twig). The enterprising aspect of being a top ...

Importance of Individual difference in understanding behaviour at work Essay

Importance of Individual difference in understanding behaviour at work - Essay Example There are different models of intelligence which include the Vernon model which covers verbal and mechanical intelligence (Nairne 2010). The cattel model of intelligence covers the crystallized intelligence while the hierarchical model of intelligence covers numerous intelligent abilities like learning and memory intelligence, fluid intelligence, achievement, visual perception, crystallized intelligence and perceptual speed (Woods and West 2010). The individual personality is the pattern of thought, emotions and behaviors which are expressed a person. There are numerous theories which explain individual personality including the behavioral theories, psychoanalytic theories, social learning theories, trait theories and cognitive theories (McKenna 2000). This paper will discuss theories of psychology and the importance of individual differences in understanding behavior at work. The paper will also discuss how factors like personality, emotion and abilities influences the work experien ces such as interpersonal relations, stress, work attitudes and organizational processes. The paper will address ways of improving work processes in organizations. The big five model of personality considers five factors which are the agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness which is also the intellect of the person (Woods and West 2010). The big five model explains the individual differences at work and the differences in their personality. The personality, cognitive capabilities and emotions at work will affect the level of job satisfaction and job performance since these factors influence the individual motivation in the work place. Work habits such as motivation and team work will also impact on the job performance (Nairne 2010). The job appraisal techniques, the team characteristics, organizational policies and occupational interests of the worker will also determine the level of job satisfaction and amount of commitment which the worker may be willing to devote in his duties (Woods and West 2010). Personality and intelligence theories are useful in understanding the differences in employee behavior in the workplace. They help in identifying the human qualities of the employee like the motivation, leadership styles and empathy (Nairne 2010). They help the management in appreciating the different strengths and weaknesses of employees in the organization. Personality and intelligent theories are also useful in many human resource functions like recruitment, selection and training of the employees (Woods and West 2010). Personality helps in the development of self-awareness and which is critical in enhancing good working relationships within groups in the organization. Personality theories help the management to assess the level of employee motivation and job satisfaction in the workplace (McKenna 2000). Personality theories are also crucial in allocation of tasks within the organization since some employees value team work while others prefer working independently (Woods and West 2010). Personality and intelligence theories are critical in assessing the effectiveness of the leadership styles in the organization since employees prefer various leadership styles from the supervisors (McKenna 2000). Some employees work well while under authoritative leadership or rule and procedure based leadership styles while others pref

The Third Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Third Cinema - Essay Example The Third Cinema It was a reaction against making films the objects of commerce than art. It was a reaction to big commercial internationalism influencing the national cinemas. It was a movement against the cultural and political hegemony of the American commercial cinema over the subjugated under developed economies. Historically it was the continuation of a resistance to the dominance of the Hollywood’s commercialization of cinema and its duplication of products called national cinema in underdeveloped countries. Cinema is an art that developed from man’s incorrigible wish to record the movement and the moving objects, as it was the moving objects that interested him and not static ones. So the first film show, the Lumier Show was just a shot of a train coming into the railway platform. The viewers were not sure whether what they were seeing on the screen was real or myth. They were afraid that the train would come forward towards them and hence many were reported to have sat back on their chairs scared. This make-belief quality is the charm of cinema. On one side cinema is documenting reality, the reality of the train coming to the platform, here in the Lumier show. On the other hand cinema is making the viewer believe that the train coming towards him is real, making the unreal look real. These two qualities of Cinema led to the division of cinema into documentaries and feature films. (According to Ingmar Bergman â€Å"When film is not a document it is a dream†Ã¢â‚¬â€The Magic Lantern Page73).